张茵或许是中国内地最富有的人，但将她推到中国富豪榜前列的却是她在境外——香港和美国——的创业经历。
Zhang Yin may be China’s richest person, but it was her formative experiences outside the country – in Hong Kong and the US – that propelled her up the ranks of its rich lists.
张茵掌控着全球最大的包装用纸和废纸回收公司。今年10月，她被《胡润百富榜》评为中国首富，拥有约34亿美元的身家。在《福布斯》(Forbes)杂志本月早些时候公布的中国富豪榜上，张茵名列第五，个人财富达15亿美元。与《胡润百富榜》不同，《福布斯》富豪榜将张茵的家族财富在家族成员间进行了分割。
In October Ms Zhang, who heads one of the world’s largest paper packaging and recycling companies, was identified by the Hurun Report as China’s richest person, with a fortune estimated at $3.4bn (€2.7bn, ￡1.8bn). According to a rival list released earlier this month by Forbes magazine, which unlike Hurun divided her family’s fortune among its various members, she is China’s fifth richest person worth $1.5bn.
张氏家族的财富主要来自家族成员对玖龙纸业(Nine Dragons Paper)的控股股权，该公司今年3月在香港交易所(HKSE)上市。自那以来，玖龙纸业股价已上涨逾两倍，以实例说明了香港资本市场是如何使中国新生代富豪的财富急剧增加的。
The bulk of the Zhang family’s wealth is derived from its members’ controlling stake in Nine Dragons, which listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in March. Since then, the shares have more than tripled, illustrating how the territory’s capital market has allowed China’s nouveaux riches to dramatically increase their fortunes.
两份富豪榜令49岁的张茵一举成名。她在“上榜”后首次接受海外记者采访时，回顾了上世纪80年代中期她在香港的早期经历。
In her first briefing with overseas reporters since the two rich lists propelled her to fame, Ms Zhang, 49, reflected on her early experiences in Hong Kong in the mid-1980s.
张茵出生在广东贫困城市韶关的一个军人家庭，于1985年来到当时仍为英殖民地的香港，在一家中外合资贸易公司担任会计。一年以后，这家公司倒闭了。
Born into a military family in Shaoguan, a poor city inGuangdong province, Ms Zhang came to the then colony in 1985 as an accountant with a Sino-foreign trading joint venture. A year later the joint venture was closed.
“当时我有三种选择：回（广东），接受一份年薪6.41万美元的工作，或者创业，”张茵说道。“我选择了创业。我就是这样掘到了我的第一桶金。”
“I had three choices: go back to [Guangdong], take a job that offered me $64,100 a year, or start a business,” Ms Zhang said. “I chose to start a business. That’s how I made my first bucket of gold.”
带着仅有3万元人民币的创业资金，张茵最初是将商品从中国北方运往南方销售，后来才扩展到废纸回收和包装用纸领域。那是一个艰难而漫长的过程。张茵慢慢地积聚着资本，同香港的银行建立业务关系，其中包括美国银行(Bank of America)、中国银行(BoC)和中信嘉华银行(Citic Ka Wah)。
With only Rmb30,000 in start-up capital, she began bringing goods from northern China to the south, before branching out into paper recycling and packaging. It was a long slog, as Ms Zhang slowly built up capital and relationships with banks in Hong Kong, including Bank of America, Bank of China and Citic Ka Wah.
1994年，张茵移居美国，在那里建立了美国中南有限公司(America Chung Nam)。该公司是美国最大的对华废纸出口商之一，目前也是玖龙纸业最重要原材料的最大供应商。与《胡润百富榜》对张茵财富的计算不同，《福布斯》富豪榜将她名下的非上市资产也计算在内，包括美国中南公司。
In 1994, Ms Zhang decamped to the US, where she built America Chung Nam, one of the country’s largest exporters of waste paper to China and now Nine Dragon’s biggest supplier of its most important raw material. Unlike Hurun’s estimate of Ms Zhang’s wealth, Forbes’ took into account her non-listed assets including America Chung Nam.
“他们很难对付，在美国和中国都是非常厉害的角色，”一位曾向张氏企业出售过废纸、要求不透露姓名的广东贸易商表示。这位贸易商称，张茵成功的秘诀之一就是美国中南公司庞大的业务规模，这使他们在谈判运费时拥有了优势。
“They were tough, really tough cookies over in the US and in China,” says one Guangdong-based trader who has sold waste paper to the Zhangs, but asked not to be identified. According to the trader, one of the secrets of Ms Zhang’s success was the sheer scale of America Chung Nam’s activities, which gave it leverage when negotiating shipping rates.
在创办企业的同时，张茵也建立了家庭。她的丈夫刘名中生于台湾，曾在巴西攻读牙科。如今，他是玖龙纸业的副董事长兼首席执行官。另外，据他妻子说，他还是公司的首席语言学家。“他会说葡萄牙语，（三种中国方言）和英语，”她用普通话夸耀道，并补充说她自己的粤语（香港普遍使用的方言）和英语水平有限。
As Ms Zhang built a business, she also built a family. Her husband, Liu Ming-chung, was born in Taiwan and studied dentistry in Brazil. Today he is Nine Dragon’s deputy chairman, chief executive and also, according to his wife, the company’s chief linguist. “He speaks Portuguese, [three Chinese dialects] and English,” she bragged in Mandarin, adding that her own Cantonese, the prevalent dialect in Hong Kong, and English were limited.
张茵的弟弟和25岁的大儿子也是玖龙纸业的董事，她的小儿子还在念高中。这位母亲表示，两个儿子如果不能首先证明自己，都不会在企业中升至高职。
Ms Zhang’s younger brother and 25-year-old son are also company directors, while her second son is still in high school. Their mother said neither would rise high in the business if he did not prove himself first.
她还声称，自己并不在意在富豪榜上的突出排名，也不担心一些上榜富豪往往被内地税务和其它部门盯上的情况。“我并不害怕，我的每一分钱都是自己赚来的。作为上市公司，我们非常透明。”
She also professed not to be concerned about her prominence on the country’s rich lists – or the habit some people on them have of falling foul of tax and other authorities in China. “I am not afraid. I have earned every cent that I have. As a listed company, we are very transparent.”
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