1）代词及be动词
　　主格 I we you you she/he/it they
　　宾格 me us you you her/him/it them
　　代词所有格 my our your your her/his/its their
　　名词性代词 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs
　　be动词现在时 Am are are are is are
　　be动词过去时 was were were were was were

2）名词的复数
　　规则变化的名词复数形式
　　规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell→shells  toy→toys
　　规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox→foxes  church→churches
　　规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. radio→radios  potato→potatoes
　　规则4 以f, fe结尾的，变f, fe为ves e.g. life→lives  half→halves
　　规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i+es e.g. sky→skies  study→studies

3）动词的第三人称单数形式
　　规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like-likes, look-looks
　　规则2 以s, x, ch, sh和o结尾+es e.g. do-does, catch-catches
　　规则3 以辅音字母+y结尾， 变y为i+es e.g. carry-carries, fly-flies

4）动词现在分词
　　规则1 一般动词加-ing e.g. look-looking,  read-reading,  play-playing
　　规则2 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make-making, take-taking, arrive-arriving
　　规则3 重读闭音节词结尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ing  e. g. run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, stop-stopping

5）动词过去式

      规则动词变化
　   规则1 一般动词加-ed e.g. look-looked, watch-watched, play-played
　　规则2 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make-maked, arrive-arrived
　　规则3 以辅音字母y结尾的变y为i加-ed cry-cried, carry-carried
　　规则4 重读闭音节词结尾， 即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ed  stop-stopped

      过去式的读音
　　在清辅音后面（除外）读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped
　　在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched
　　在/t/，/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated

6）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

      比较级
      规则1 一般加-er e.g. high-higher
　　规则2 以e结尾加-r nice-nicer
　　规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-er busy-busier
　　规则4 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加-er fat-fatter

      最高级
      规则1 一般加-est e.g. high-highest
　　规则2 以e结尾加-st nice-nicest
　　规则3 以辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i再加-est busy-busiest
　　规则4 重读闭音节结尾， 双写辅音字母再加--est fat-fattest

7）常见缩写：
　　is='s I am=I'm are='re
　　is not=isn't /iznt/ are not=aren't /a:nt/
　　do not=don't
　　does not=doesn't
　　was='s
　　did not=didn't
　　can not=can't
　　have='ve
　　has='s
　　have not=haven't
　　has not=hasn't
　　will='ll
      will not=won't
　　shall not=shan't