Task 4
Task 4涉及到一个学术概念，听力中教授用1-2个例子说明了这个概念。
答题要点：
① 概念定义，用自己的话说明某个概念，技巧：看到诸如 “this is known as”, “this is referred to as”, “this is called”, “people call this”, “people refer to this as”等类似表达的时候 , 此表达的前边一句话 , 很可能便是阅读中概念的定义句。
② 例子
③ 说明这个例子和概念的关系，这也是很多同学4题只能拿到Fair的原因，因为少了这句话。
请密切注意：
① 概念只需要一句话就可以， 用时保证在10-15s
② 例子只需要summary便可以，不用引用过多细节。适当加入小细节可以展示获取信息能力，但是矫枉过正就得不偿失了
③ 一定要简单概括这个例子和概念的关系
④ 如果听力部分的例子中出现专有名词（如植物名和动物名）, 可以用诸如 a kind of plant和 a kind of bird之类的短语表达 , 不会说专有名词不会造成扣分
⑤ 想要口语高分一定要用自己的话来总结概念和例子，同时说出例子和概念的关系。
以下面这道题为例（TPO13）
阅读部分：
Perceptual Constancy
How an object affects our senses depends in part on external conditions, and these conditions are always changing. Anobject viewed from one angle presents a different shape to our eyes than when viewed from another angle; similarly, as the distance from which we view anobject changes, the object will appear larger or smaller. In spite of this,even as conditions change and we see objects differently, we still recognizethat they remain the same. This is what is known as perceptual constancy. If not for perceptual constancy, we might have difficulty recognizing familiar objects if we viewed them in a new and different context.
你会听到以下听力内容：
Professor：
Let’stake an everyday example an ordinary round plate like you’d find in akitchen. If you hold the plate directly in front of your face and look at it,what shape do you see? A perfect circle, right?
Supposeyou tilt the plate to a different angle, to a horizontal position,like you’re planning to put food on it, still a perfect circle? No! The circleis now stretched out, flattened into an oval. Do you conclude the platehad actually changed shape? Or that it’s a different object, not the sameplate? Of course not! It looks different, but we perceive it as stillbeing the same.
Here’sa different example. This classroom we’re in. It’s fairly large, right?
Now,from up close, from the front row, I appear to be relatively big, bigger than if you’re in the last row, right? But let’s say you’re sittingin the front row today but tomorrow you’re sitting in the backrow. From back there I’m going to look smaller, but you don’t think I’veactually gotten smaller. You don’t think you’re seeing a different professor, aguy who looks like me except he’s smaller. No matter where you are, upclose or far away, you understand without even thinking about it, thatI’m the same size, the same person.
从 This is what is knownas perceptual constancy.我们知道前面一句话就是Perceptual constancy的定义，even asconditions change and we see objects differently, we still recognize that theyremain the same.
例子中教授举了两个例子：
1) kitchen plate角度不同，一个circle, 一个 oval。
2) 在教室距离不一样，professor看起来体积不一样。
最重要的第三步便是来说明这个例子如何来支持这个概念的。
1)The first example shows that the shape ofthe plate changes, but because of the concept of perceptual constancy, we don’tthink we have two plates.
2) The second example shows that althoughthe professor seems to have different sizes in the two situations, again,because of perceptual constancy, we know he’s the same person.
整理出来的参考答案是：
Perceptualconstancy is the phenomenon that however the external conditions that affectour perception of an object, we still recognize it.
Accordingto the professor, there’re two examples of this. The first one is about angle.When you hold a plate upright to your face, you see a perfect circle.But if a plate is placed horizontally, it stretched out, flattenedinto an oval. Anyway, no matter what shape we see, we always know thatit’s the same plate. Another example is about distance. We all knowthat if someone is far away from us, they appear smaller. Otherwisethey appear bigger and taller. So if a student sits in the front row, he’ll see a bigger and taller professor. But if he sits in the back,he will see a smaller professor. Bigger or smaller, he still knows thatit’s the same professor. And that’s how perceptual constancy works. (158)
Task 6
目前托福口语Task 6的几种考法：
1. 解决一个问题的两个方案
2. 一个物体或方法的两种使用方法
3. 一个过程的两个步骤
4. 一个原因导致的两个现象
5. 一个后果产生的两个原因
6. 一个概念的两种定义
答题要点：
① 5个点
1) 教授在讨论的主题
2) 教授讨论的主题的第一个方面
3) 第一个方面的例子
4) 教授讨论的主题的第二个方面
5) 第二个方面的例子
② 总结听力中的例子时候应该抓住最核心的要点
请注意：
① 想获得高分一定要用自己的话转述
② 如果听力部分的例子中出现专有名词（如植物名和动物名），可以使用诸如 a kind of plant和 a kind of bird之类的短语表达
下面以 TPO 2 Task 6为例：
听力内容：
So, let’s talk about money. What is money? Well, typically people think of coinsand paper “bills” as money . . . but that’s using a somewhat narrow definitionof the term.
Abroad definition is this: money is anything that people canuse to make purchases with. Since many things can be used to makepurchases, money can have many different forms. Certainly, coins andbills are one form of money. People exchange goods and services for coins orpaper bills, and they use this money . . . these bills . . . to obtainother goods and services. For example, you might give a taxidriver five dollars to purchase a ride in his taxi. And he inturn gives the five dollars to a farmer to buy some vegetables.
But, as I said, coins and bills aren’t the only form of money under this broaddefinition. Some societies make use of a barter system. Basically, in abarter system people exchange goods and services directly for other goodsand services. The taxi driver, for example, might give a ride to afarmer in exchange for some vegetables. Since the vegetables are used topay for a service, by our broad definition the vegetables are used inbarter as a form of money.
Now, as I mentioned, there’s also a second… a narrower definition of money. Inthe United States only coins and bills are legal tender—meaningthat by law, a seller must accept them as payment. The taxi driver mustaccept coins or bills as payment for a taxi ride. OK? But in the U.S., thetaxi driver is not required to accept vegetables in exchange fora ride. So a narrower definition of money might be whatever is legal tenderin a society, whatever has to be accepted as payment.
听完内容后会注意到以下5个点：
1.The professor is discussing two differentdefinitions of money.
2.A broad definition of money is anythingthat can be used to make purchases with.
3.For example, people might give a taxidriver coins or bills, or even vegetables for a ride.
4.A narrower definition of money issomething that must be accepted as payment, legal tender.
5.For example, a taxi driver must acceptcoins and bills, but he does not have to accept vegetables, because vegetablesare not legal tender in the U.S.
于是我们有了以下答案：
The professor is talking about twodifferent definitions of money. In broad sense, money is whatever one can use tomake purchase with, so money comes in different forms. For example,you may pay a five dollar bill to a taxi driver in exchange for a ride.And the taxi driver then may use the bill to pay a farmer for somevegetables. Anyway, some societies do not use coins and bills astheir money, they use something called barter system, under which goodsand services are exchanged directly for other goods or services. So the farmermay give the taxi drivers some vegetables in exchange for a ride,and in this case the vegetable is a form of money under the system. A narrowerdefinition of money is whatever a government is allowed as legal tender.For example, in the U.S., people must use coins and bills to pay fortheir goods and services, like the taxi driver must accept a fivedollar bill as payment rather than some vegetables. (161)
