【时事聚焦】时下，低碳生活已经成为一种时尚，人们开始从生活的点点滴滴中来减少能源消耗，可实际上我们很多时候往往只关注于少量的能源消耗，如及时关灯，却忽视了我们的大型家用电器对能源的消耗，如加热器和干洗机等。具体请看以下《经济学家》周刊网站的一则相关报道：
People habitually underestimate their energy consumption
Environmental asceticism has created a vogue for upgrading light-bulbs and tweaking thermostats. But according to a new piece of research, many of these actions—however virtuous—arise from faulty perceptions of energy savings.
Shahzeen Attari of Columbia University and her colleagues used Craigslist, an online marketplace, to recruit 505 volunteers from across America. Each was asked to estimate the energy consumption of nine household devices (such as stereos and air conditioners) as well as the energy savings incurred by six green activities (like swapping incandescent bulbs for fluorescent ones). The researchers then compared the volunteers’ estimates with the actual energy requirements or savings in question.
Their results, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggest that although people do grasp basic energy trends, they are decidedly hazy on the details. On average, participants underestimated both energy use and energy savings by a factor of 2.8—mostly because they undervalued the requirements of large machines like heaters and clothes dryers. As a result, they failed to recognise the huge energy savings that can come from improving the efficiency of such appliances.
Miscalculations like these hinder conservation efforts. When asked to rank the single most effective way to save energy, participants typically endorsed activities with small savings, such as turning off lights, while ignoring what they could economise on larger devices. This suggests that people misallocate their efforts, fretting over an unattended lamp (at 100 watts) while neglecting the energy they could save by nudging their washer settings from “hot” to “warm” (4,000 watt-hours for each load of laundry).
A quirk of human psychology could help to explain these persistent underestimates. When calculating such things, people often adopt a familiar unit as a mental yardstick and then generate predictions based on that unit. As a side-effect, their estimates cluster too closely around the yardstick measure—a phenomenon called “anchoring”. In Dr Attari’s study, for example, the survey provided a reference measure by stating the amount of energy used by a standard light bulb. Participants may have responded by unconsciously anchoring their estimates to this value, compressing their predictions into the relatively low range of an incandescent bulb.
This suggests an obvious criticism: by providing the light-bulb figure, the researchers primed their subjects to underestimate energy consumption. But the authors argue that rather than introducing a methodological flaw, they simply acknowledged a shared point of reference. When it comes to an accessible, quantitative measure of energy, consumers are uniquely familiar with the 100W bulb. As a result, Dr Attari expects bulbs to exert an anchoring effect on the general population as well as on her volunteers, contributing to widespread underestimates of the energy demands of large appliances.
Fortunately, increased information seems to combat such miscalculations. In the study those who were better at maths made more accurate predictions, as did those with broadly pro-environmental attitudes. Ways of making energy consumption clearer, such as devices that constantly monitor household appliances, could therefore help people make better decisions about how to save energy.
【热点话题】根据上文所述，人们从自身做起，保护环境，节省能源，如：不用白炽灯，改用荧光灯，再到主动关灯。可是，人们确实忽视了一些大型的电器却正在大肆地消耗着我们的能源。自从09年12月份的哥本哈根会议的召开，节能、低碳这些环保的名称成为时下的热点话题，相应也是雅思考试比较热衷的考试主题。所以，建议2010年的考生对诸如此类话题千万不能忽视。再者，这类的话题对于考生来说既不陌生但似乎又有些陌生，对于这方面的文章，大家应该增加阅读量，储存必备的背景知识，做到有备无患。对于这样的文章，学生也可能会碰到比较生僻和难的词汇、句型、文章结构，当然广泛阅读也无疑能够帮助考生提高阅读速度，改善理解。
【难句词汇】雅思考生的阅读难点之一就是词汇量和句型掌握程度的不同，如果学生的词汇量不足，那么文章将看不懂，我们从上文中就可以学到很多的句型和词汇。
Each was asked to estimate the energy consumption of nine household devices (such as stereos and air conditioners) as well as the energy savings incurred by six green activities (like swapping incandescent bulbs for fluorescent ones).
插入语：（ ）
household devices家庭电器
stereos 立体音响
swapping交换
incandescent bulbs 白炽灯泡
fluorescent: 荧光的
as well as = and ：和
When asked to rank the single most effective way to save energy, participants typically endorsed activities with small savings, such as turning off lights, while ignoring what they could economise on larger devices.
When引导的时间短语作整个句子的状语和while引导表对比的非谓语动词短语
rank v. 将……列为……
endorse 赞同
economise v. 节约、节省
This suggests that people misallocate their efforts, fretting over an unattended lamp (at 100 watts) while neglecting the energy they could save by nudging their washer settings from “hot” to “warm” (4,000 watt-hours for each load of laundry).
含有非谓语动词的宾语从句
suggest 表示、表明
misallocate: 将……配置不当
fret over: 为……着急
unattended : 未被注意的
nudge : 推动、推进
Participants may have responded by unconsciously anchoring their estimates to this value, compressing their predictions into the relatively low range of an incandescent bulb.
表状态的非谓语动词
unconsciously 不知不觉地
anchoring 使固定
compressing 压缩
As a result, Dr Attari expects bulbs to exert an anchoring effect on the general population as well as on her volunteers, contributing to widespread underestimates of the energy demands of large appliances.
由非限制性定语从句转换成的非谓语动词，表示结果。
anchoring effect :定锚效应
underestimate n. 低估
as well as 和
In the study those who were better at math made more accurate predictions, as did those with broadly pro-environmental attitudes.
定语从句和非限制性定语从句
Prediction 预测
as: conj. 正如， 和……一样。
broadly: 宽泛地
pro-environmental: 支持环保
从行文架构来说，该篇文章采用经典的论证方式，这其实在雅思阅读文章中比比皆是。分析认为，针对这一题材的文章，考察比较多的题型一般为：List of headings, Multiple Choice, or Paragraph Matching or TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN。
【真题预测】根据刚才关于energy conservation的原版文章，我们来练习一下雅思阅读的常考题型之一 —：是非判断题
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
TRUE if the statement agree with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Nowadays, many people are very popular with updating light-bulbs and regulating thermostats.
2. The subjects in Dr. Attari’s experiment underestimated energy savings rather than energy use due to under-evaluation of the requirements of large machines.
3. When asked to choose one most efficient way to save energy, participants traditionally supported activities with small savings.
4. Participants may have responded by anchoring their estimates to this value not based on what Dr. Attairi said but their unconsciousness.
5. American people have realized the disadvantages of underestimate of energy use and have initiated many movements to conserve our finite energy.
Key: 1. TRUE 2.FALSE 3. TRUE 4. TRUE 5.NOT GIVEN
