关于GMAT® 考试

职场上的综合推理技能

任何企业都非常看重综合推理技能。

全球雇主都非常看重综合推理技能

在GMAC® 2012年对全球636家计划招聘MBA毕业生和其他商科研究生毕业生的企业雇主调查中发现，GMAT®考试综合推理部分所测试的四项能力“非常重要”，而且几乎所有雇主都认为尤其对新的商科毕业生来说这些能力很重要。

今日的经理人需要分析越来越复杂的数据，商学院的项目也随之要求学生们增强解决复杂问题的能力。30分钟的综合推理部分测试的技能是2009年从一个覆盖全球740位商学院教授的调查问卷中总结出来的，这些能力对即将进入商学院学习的学生来说非常重要。

院校如何看待综合推理部分

“现在的时代被称为大数据的时代，而且不断有证据表明将来能够取得成功的是那些在复杂环境中看出关键模式的人”，俄亥俄州立大学费舍尔商学院院长、前Johnson & Johnson’s董事会副主席及Pharmaceuticals Group全球主席Christine Poon说道，“GMAT®考试为了应对商学院和管理项目的需求而新增考试部分以测试学生们所需的能力并不足为其。该考试是商学院入学的黄金标准，而且在追求不断创新，创造新标准” 

新增的综合推理部分以及其重要性

综合推理能力是应对错综复杂的商业挑战的基础

为什么要改革GMAT®考试？ 商业运作的方式和教授商业知识的形式都在随着时间改变。在过去近60年里，GMAT®考试一直随着这些变化加紧改革的脚步，从而更好地协助学校找到优秀的学生，也帮助学生找到合适的学校。 “综合推理”部分所考察的能力是从一个覆盖全球740位商学院教授的调查问卷中总结出来的，对于现在想要通过GMAT®考试进入商学院的学生来说非常重要：这部分考试的成绩会帮助商学院寻找到更适合的学生，另一方面也会帮助考生从竞争者中脱颖而出。 综合推理是新增的考试部分，测试的是对以不同形式所呈现的多源信息进行评估的能力——这些能力是你已经在每日使用的，也是你在数据驱动的商界中取得成功所必需的，包括： 对不同来源的各类信息进行吸收和整合，以解决富有挑战性的问题。 准确理解以图表形式呈现的数据，确定或估计概率与统计数据。 权衡取舍以及识别、评估各种结果的可能性。 将定量性数据在图表和文字模式之间进行转换。

定量推理部分

GMAT 考试的定量推理部分，将会考核您根据基础定量推理技巧以分析数据和归纳总结的能力。以多项选择题的方式，测试您的解决问题和分析数据充分性的能力。

问题求解例题

问题求解主要衡量运用基本定量推理技能解决问题的能力。

说明

Solve the problem and indicate the best of the answer choices given. 

问题

If u > t, r > q, s > t, and t > r, which of the following must be true? 

I. u > s 
II. s > q 
III. u > r

• (A) I only 
• (B) II only
• (C) III only
• (D) I and II
• (E) II and III 

答案： (E)

数据充分性例题

运用基本定量推理和分析技能，完成数据充分性例题。

说明

此数据充分性问题包含一个试题，以及分别标记为(1) 和(2) 的两个陈述，其中提供了特定的数据。您必须判断陈述中提供的数据是否足以回答试题。您必须使用陈述中提供的数据，加上您的定量推理知识和生活常识（如七月有多少天，或者“逆时针”是什么意思），指出:

• Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked.
• Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient to answer the question asked.
• BOTH statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question asked, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked.
• EACH statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question asked.
• Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient to answer the question asked, and additional data specific to the problem are needed.

例题

If a real estate agent received a commission of 6 percent of the selling price of a certain house, what was the selling price of the house? 

(1) The selling price minus the real estate agent's commission was $84,600. 
(2) The selling price was 250 percent of the original purchase price of $36,000. 

• (A) Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient. 
• (B) Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient. 
• (C) BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient. 
• (D) EACH statement ALONE is sufficient. (E) Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT sufficient.

答案: (D)

文本逻辑推理部分

GMAT®考试的文本逻辑推理部分使用多项选择题的方式，衡量你在阅读和理解书面材料，审视推理论据，以及改正书面材料使其符合标准书面英语规范的能力。

阅读理解例题

考核您对此阅读理解题目进行分析和归纳总结的能力。

说明

此部分的试题，是基于某一篇文章的内容。阅读文章后，为每个试题选出最佳的答案。根据文章表达或暗示的内容，回答文章后面所有试题。

例题

Schools expect textbooks to be a valuable source of information for students. My research suggests, however, that textbooks that address the place of Native Americans within the history of the United States distort history to suit a particular cultural value system. In some textbooks, for example, settlers are pictured as more humane, complex, skillful, and wise than Native Americans. In essence, textbooks stereotype and depreciate the numerous Native American cultures while reinforcing the attitude that the European conquest of the New World denotes the superiority of European cultures. Although textbooks evaluate Native American architecture, political systems, and homemaking, I contend that they do it from an ethnocentric, European perspective without recognizing that other perspectives are possible. 

One argument against my contention asserts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply underestimating children's ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they know they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. Two researchers, for example, have conducted studies that suggest that children's attitudes about particular cultures are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools. Given this, an ongoing, careful review of how school textbooks depict Native Americans is certainly warranted.

Which of the following would most logically be the topic of the paragraph immediately following the passage?

• (A) specific ways to evaluate the biases of United States history textbooks 
• (B) the centrality of the teacher's role in United States history courses
• (C) nontraditional methods of teaching United States history
• (D) the contributions of European immigrants to the development of the United States
• (E) ways in which parents influence children's political attitudes 

答案: (A)

批判性推理例题

在批判性推理试题中运用您的推理技能。

说明

请在提供的选项中选出最佳答案。

例题

The cost of producing radios in Country Q is ten percent less than the cost of producing radios in Country Y. Even after transportation fees and tariff charges are added, it is still cheaper for a company to import radios from Country Q to Country Y than to produce radios in Country Y.

The statements above, if true, best support which of the following assertions?

• (A) Labor costs in Country Q are ten percent below those in Country Y.
• (B) Importing radios from Country Q to Country Y will eliminate ten percent of the manufacturing jobs in Country Y.
• (C) The tariff on a radio imported from Country Q to Country Y is less than ten percent of the cost of manufacturing the radio in Country Y.
• (D) The fee for transporting a radio from Country Q to Country Y is more than ten percent of the cost of manufacturing the radio in Country Q.
• (E) It takes ten percent less time to manufacture a radio in Country Q than it does in Country Y.

答案: (C)

句子改错例题

Test your grammar and effective communication skills with this sample sentence correction question.

说明

此试题将列出一个句子，其中一部分或全句标有下划线。在该句子下方，您会看到五个选项。其中，第一项重复原句；另外四种则与原句不同。如果您认为原句为最佳表述，请选择第一选项作为答案；否则，请在其他四种方式中选择您认为最好的一个。

此试题是要测试表达的准确性和有效性。选择答案时，请遵守英语写作标准的要求；即，注意语法、用词和句子结构。选择最有效表达的语句；此答案应该清晰准确、无混淆、无歧义、无累赘和无语法错误。

例题
While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost associated with upgrading data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products and technical staff are prohibitive.

(A) cost associated with
(B) costs associated with
(C) costs arising from
(D) cost of
(E) costs of

答案: (B)

免费下载官方GMAT®资料: www.mba.com/gmat2014

The GMAC and GMAT logos, GMAC®, GMAT®, GMAT Write®, GMATPrep®, and Graduate Management Admission Council® are registered trademarks in the United States and other countries.

GMAT® 考试全称是Graduate Management Admission Test，叫做管理类研究生入学考试。作为深受全球6,000 多个商科管理项目认可的一门考试，60 年来，GMAT 考试一直是世界各地商界领导人攻读全球顶级商学院的入学考试，究其原因在于GMAT 考试的有效性和可信度高。

简单说来，其他考试都无法充分展现您在商学院学习以及在未来工作中需具备的最重要的能力。

GMAT®考试结构和时间安排

考试当日，您有3小时30分钟的时间去完成GMAT考试的四个组成部分：分析性写作、综合推理、定量推理和文本逻辑推理。

您的GMAT成绩取决于多个因素，包括您回答的试题数量、回答是否正确、试题难度，以及每个试题的其他统计特性。

分析性写作部分(AWA)

分析性写作(AWA) 是要考核您的辩证思维能力和表达观点能力。你要基于一项给定的论证，分析论证背后的推理和假设，然后对该论证的有效性进行批判性评价。

您的论证分析将会由来自各院校不同专业领域的教职人员评估，他们将会就构思和写作的整体质量进行评价。

小贴士

• 开始写作前，先分析题目并想好如何作答
• 整理好思路，充分展开
• 提供相关的论据和例子

说明

本部分将要求您针对所提供的论证进行批判性评价。您不需要就话题给出自己的观点。

例题

The following appeared in the editorial section of a monthly business news magazine: 

"Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money." 

Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. 

You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion. 

答案

The following is an actual AWA essay that received the highest rating: 

This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees. This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase.

However, there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument. For example, the costs associated with making the workplace safe must outweigh the increased payroll expenses due to hazardous conditions. Also, one must look at the plausibility of improving the work environment. And finally, because most companies agree that as the risk of injury increases so will wages doesn't necessarily mean that all companies which have hazardous work environments agree. 

The first issue to be addressed is whether increased labor costs justify large capital expenditures to improve the work environment. Clearly one could argue that if making the workplace safe would cost an exorbitant amount of money in comparison to leaving the workplace as is and paying slightly increased wages than it would not make sense to improve the work environment. For example, if making the workplace safe would cost $100 million versus additional payroll expenses of only $5,000 per year, it would make financial sense to simply pay the increased wages. No business or business owner with any sense would pay all that extra money just to save a couple dollars and improve employee health and relations. To consider this, a cost benefit analysis must be made. I also feel that although a cost benefit analysis should be the determining factor with regard to these decisions making financial sense, it may not be the determining factor with regard to making social, moral and ethical sense. 

This argument also relies on the idea that companies solely use financial sense in analyzing improving the work environment. This is not the case. Companies look at other considerations such as the negative social ramifications of high on-job injuries. For example, Toyota spends large amounts of money improving its environment because while its goal is to be profitable, it also prides itself on high employee morale and an almost perfectly safe work environment. However, Toyota finds that it can do both, as by improving employee health and employee relations they are guaranteed a more motivated staff, and hence a more efficient staff; this guarantees more money for the business as well as more safety for the employees.

Finally one must understand that not all work environments can be made safer. For example, in the case of coal mining, a company only has limited ways of making the work environment safe. While companies may be able to ensure some safety precautions, they may not be able to provide all the safety measures necessary. In other words, a mining company has limited ability to control the air quality within a coal mine and therefore it cannot control the risk of employees getting blacklung. In other words, regardless of the intent of the company, some jobs are simply dangerous in nature. 

In conclusion, while at first it may seem to make financial sense to improve the safety of the work environment sometimes it truly does not make financial sense. Furthermore, financial sense may not be the only issue a company faces. Other types of analyses must be made such as the social ramifications of an unsafe work environment and the overall ability of a company to improve that environment (i.e., coal mine). Before any decision is made, all these things must be considered, not simply the reduction of payroll expenses.

分析性写作重新评分服务

您的分析性写作分数是否不如您的预计？

您可以支付45 美元，要求由独立评分员为您的分析性写作重新评分。如需要求重新评分，您必须在考试日期过后六(6)个月内提出。如果在六(6)个月过后才提出，恕不受理。

有关重新评分的五点须知

1. 重新评分结果即为最终分数，换句话说，您只有一次要求重新评分的机会。
2. 重新评分的结果可能会比您原来的AWA分数高，也可能低。
3. 我们会在收到您的要求后20天左右，将重新评分结果发送给您和您指定的成绩单接收院校的管理研究生项目。
4. 正式受理您的重新评分要求后，所收取费用将不得退回。
5. 如需要求重新评分，请联系GMAT^® 客服。

请注意：GMAT 考试的综合推理、定量推理和文本逻辑推理部分都不提供重新评分。

综合推理部分

GMAT考试的综合推理部分衡量您对不同来源、多种形式的信息进行评估的能力。

综合推理包含四种试题类型，基本上每种题型都需要提供多个答案。

综合推理(IR) 的四种题型是用于考核您整合数据以解决复杂问题的能力。

• 整合以图表形、文字和数字等不同形式呈现的各种信息
• 评估不同来源的相关信息
• 整理信息，了解其中的关系弄清关系，以及解决多个互相关联的问题
• 结合和利用不同来源的信息，以解决复杂的问题对不同来源的各类信息进行吸收和整合，以解决富有挑战性的问题

有关综合推理题目的六点须知:

1. 您必须答对题目的所有部分才能得分，部分答对不得分。
2. 屏幕会显示出一道题目的所有答题选项。
3. 您必须提交所有部分的答案之后才能进入下一道题。
4. 提交答案后，不得返回前题更改答案。
5. 答案选项不会提供解答其他问题的任何信息或线索。
6. 一组数据会用以若干道综合推理题目。如果您答错某一道题，该题的错误答案并不会影响到衍生自同一组数据的其它题目。

准备好体验一下综合推理了吗？以下是综合推理考察的四大题型：

图表解读

解读图形或图像，然后在下拉列表中选择相应选项使得陈述准确。

二段式分析

题目包括两部分，可选答案将以列表形式展现，每一栏选择一个相应答案完成作答。

表格分析

为表格排序并整理数据，以确定是否符合特定的条件。每个试题都会有多个陈述，这些陈述的答案互相对立（例如“是/否”、“对/错”、“可推测/不可推测”）；请为每个陈述选择一个答案。

多源推理

单击标签页即显示不同的数据，您需要识别出哪些数据是回答试题所需的。